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The Formation of Europe by Overcoming the Schism of the 12th Century

The Alexandrine schism (1159–1177) was the most crucial test in the formation phase of the High Middle Ages in Europe. “The Formation of Europe by Overcoming the Schism of the 12th Century” is a project set up to examine the course of events and mechanisms of the papal schism. It uses this historical episode as a model and comparative case to analyse overarching questions relating to division, escalation and crisis management.